While most countries do not have national rules in place specifically for data centres, there are a number of countries that have introduced such rules, including:
- rules on energy supply in China, France, Germany, Ireland, Japan, Singapore, Spain and the USA, and proposed in Brazil and the UK;
- rules on water usage in China and Singapore, and proposed in Brazil and France; and
- rules on permitting in Brazil, China, Italy, Singapore and the USA, and proposed in France and the UK
In addition, in a number of countries, rules have been introduced or are planned, either at a national or municipality level, that would prevent or restrict the new development of data centres. For example, de facto moratoria on data centre development were in place in Ireland and Singapore until recently, while the municipality of Amsterdam and a number of US states have introduced such moratoria.
In China and Norway, data centre operators are required to hold licences, and Australia and Singapore have proposed specific regulations to govern data centre deployment and operation.
Seven of the studied countries have established national strategies for data centre development, although the intention and scope of these strategies varies considerably.

Cullen International’s new benchmark provides insights into how 19 countries, including 13 in Europe, have introduced rules to incentivise and/or regulate the development of data centres, in particular covering topics such as:
- financial and other incentives;
- special procedures for permitting;
- preventing any distortion in the demand for energy;
- protecting local areas from over-consumption of water supplies; and
- examples of rules to prevent or restrict the further deployment of data centres.
Benchmark Scope
Region: Europe and global
Countries covered: 19 countries in total, 13 in Europe
Policy area: Sustainability, Environmental
For more information and access to the full benchmark, please click on “Access the full content” - or on “Request access”, in case you are not subscribed to our Sustainability service.
more news
04 November 26
In nine European countries, national symmetric obligations on access to ducts go beyond the scope set by the Gigabit Infrastructure Act
Cullen International's latest benchmark analyses asymmetric and symmetric duct access obligations in Europe.
04 November 26
More than 60 cases and counting: a snapshot of European antitrust enforcement against big tech
Cullen International’s latest report on past and pending antitrust cases against big tech companies in Europe tracks enforcement activity under ex post antitrust rules at EU and national level.
30 October 26
Many governments around the globe rely on legal mechanisms to compel communications apps to cooperate in law enforcement investigations
Cullen International's latest Global Trends benchmark for number-independent communications apps regulation found that nearly all of the 13 surveyed jurisdictions around the world provide some legal mechanism to make these apps assist law enforcement in criminal investigations. There are requirements to verify user identities, compel disclosure of stored content, make encrypted content accessible, and duties to detect illegal content within private communications.