The number of European countries that regulate local loop unbundling (LLU) over copper almost halved in the last four years. And the number of countries where LLU over copper remains available significantly decreased from 29 in 2022 to 20 in 2025.
This decreasing trend of one of the historically most widely used wholesale services is consistent with the progressive reduction in copper use.
In some cases, like in Spain and in Norway, the cease of LLU over copper offer stems from the complete switch-off of the copper network.
Our latest benchmark researched the regulation of local loop unbundling (LLU) over copper across Europe.
Scope
- Region: Europe
- Countries covered: 33
- Policy area: Telecoms
- Last updated: May 2026
For more details and for access to the full benchmark, please click on “Access the full content” - or on “Request Access”, in case you are not subscribed to our European Telecoms service.
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