Cullen International’s new European telecoms benchmark provides an overview of different kinds of wholesale local access products. Where local access is mandated, this is usually the result of an analysis of the fixed wholesale local access market (market 1/2020, previously market 3a/2014). Some countries imposed symmetric obligations which apply to all operators irrespective of their market power.
Our research shows that there is no longer a clear boundary between local and central access. Virtual unbundling (VULA) products now often provide points of handover at a higher level of the network, or allow access seekers to choose where they prefer local, regional or central handover. In some countries, VULA is now fully replacing physical access.
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